我们大多数人熟知人类和其他哺乳动物的真菌感染。引起不同宿主感染的病原体类型大多相似；例如，白色念珠菌、曲霉和皮肤真菌在人类以及狗（Guillot et al. 2023）、猫（Danesi et al. 2022）和反刍动物（Jensen & Becker 2022）身上都很常见。然而，当我们深入研究脊椎动物的系统发生树时，会发现完全不同的真菌，其中大多数至今仍未被充分研究。著名的例子包括爬行动物患上的Nannizziopsis属真菌病（Bertelsen et al. 2005; McEntire et al. 2021) 和Paranannizziopsis属真菌病（Sigler et al. 2013)，或者Mucor amphibiorum作为唯一一种常见的病原体，能够引起鸭嘴兽的感染（Connolly 2022)。.
镰刀菌属和黑酵母样真菌这两种人类的机会性致病真菌在非人类动物中表现完全不同。它们引起人类的感染分别被称为透明丝孢霉病和暗色丝孢霉病，在人类真菌感染中中具有重要意义。广泛的镰刀菌属真菌引起了人类的甲癣 (Yang et al. 2011) 和角膜炎 (Tupaki-Sreepurna et al. 2017)，并且在免疫严重受损的患者中出现了真菌血症 (Yun et al. 2007)。暗色真菌引发CARD9相关的免疫缺陷患者大量广泛感染病例格外引人注目 (Wang et al. 2019)，例如脑部感染(Garg et al. 2007) 和致残性着色芽生菌病 (Queiroz-Telles et al. 2017)。但在其他哺乳动物中，这些真菌是相当特殊的。这种感染在其他恒温动物中几乎是未知的。
Janse等人 (2024)最近对鱼类真菌病进行了综述。只有有限数量的菌种受到关注。值得注意的是，透明真菌与暗色真菌在寄主选择上存在显著差异。镰刀菌属和一些其他透明真菌几乎只在软骨鱼类（如鲨鱼和其它近亲）中发现，而黑色酵母样真菌（Exophiala等）和Scolecobasidium属的真菌几乎只感染硬骨鱼类。如果将其与其他冷血动物进行比较，这种选择性偏好会更加显著。镰刀菌属和另一种透明真菌Purpureocillium lilacinum经常被发现感染龟类；甚至还描述了一种特定的龟蛋病（STEF：海龟蛋镰刀菌病）(Martínez-Ríos et al. 2022)。相比之下，已知黑色酵母样真菌会感染和杀死蟾蜍和青蛙(Stupar et al. 2017)。这些真菌在冷血动物宿主选择上的不同的原因尚不清楚。
所有上述真菌属，以及更多相关菌种的详细阅读资料，都可以在《Atlas of Clinical Fungi》中找到。通过搜索功能可以查找到丰富的信息。例如，关键词
“角膜炎”提供了171相关种，而“CARD9”提供了25个相关种。订阅者还可以访问即将出版的《Atlas of Veterinary Fungi》的一些章节。
References:
Bertelsen MF, Crawshaw GJ, Sigler L, Smith DA (2005) Fatal cutaneous mycosis in tentacled snakes (Erpeton tentaculatum) caused by the Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii. J. Zoo Wildlife Med. 36: 82−87.
Brasch J, Köppl G (2009) Persisting onychomycosis caused by Fusarium solani in an immunocompetent patient. Mycoses 52: 285−286.
Danesi P, Guillot J, Moraru R, et al. (2022) Mammalia, Carnivora: Felidae. Atlas Vet. Fungi, www.atlasclinicalfungi.org.
Garg N, Devi IB, Vajramani GV, et al. (2007) Central nervous system cladosporiosis: an account of ten culture-proven cases. Neurol. India 55: 282−288.
Guillot J, Danesi P, Elad D, et al. (2022). Mammalia, Carnivora: Canidae. Atlas Vet. Fungi, www.atlasclinicalfungi.org.
Janse M, de Hoog GS, Klerks N, et al. (2024) Melanized fungi in bony fish species with Head and Lateral Line Erosion (HLLE) with a review of the literature on fungal fish diseases. One Health Mycol. 1: 23−36.
Jensen HE, Becker CB (2022) Diseases of Mammals / Artiodactyla / Ruminantia and Camelidae (ruminants and camelids). Atlas Vet. Fungi, www.atlasclinicalfungi.org.
Martínez-Ríos M, Martín-Torrijos L, Diéguez-Uribeondo, J. (2022) The invasive alien red-eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta, as a carrier of STEF-disease pathogens. Fung. Biol. 126: 113−121.
McEntire MS, Reinhart JM, Cox SK. Keller KA (2021) Single-dose pharmacokinetics of orally administered terbinafine in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) and the antifungal susceptibility patterns of Nannizziopsis guarroi. Am. J. Vet. Res. 83: 256−263.
Queiroz-Telles F, de Hoog GS, Santos DWCL, et al. (2017) Chromoblastomycosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 30: 233−276.
Sigler L, Hambleton S, Paré JA (2013) Molecular characterization of reptile pathogens currently known as members of the Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii complex and relationship with some human-associated isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51: 3338−3357.
Tupaki-Sreepurna A, Al-Hatmi AMS, Kindo AJ, et al. (2017) Multidrug-resistant Fusarium in keratitis: a clinico-mycological study of keratitis infections in Chennai, India. Mycoses 60: 230−233.
Wang C, Xing H, Jiang X, et al. (2019) Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exophiala dermatitidis in a Chinese CARD9-deficient patient: a case report and literature review. Front. Neurol 10, 938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00938.
Yang YS, Ahn JJ, Shin MK, Lee MH (2011) Fusarium solani onychomycosis of the thumbnail coinfected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: report of two cases. Mycoses 54: 168−171.
Yun SJ, Shin MG, Choi C, et al. (2007( Fatal disseminated angioinvasive Fusarium falciforme infection in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia. Br. J. Dermatol. 157: 407−409.
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